Phone: 780.421.5936
Email: i.adair@mowbreygil.com

Ian is an entrepreneur and business advisor with Mowbrey Gil Business Advisory Services Inc. He has extensive experience working with business owners and managers in achieving their goals and improving their business results and operations.

In over 25 years of professional accounting, Ian’s focus has been on helping entrepreneurs and owner-managed businesses. As well, he has experience in the private sector as a senior financial executive for two manufacturing entities. This involved improving management and financial reporting to shareholders, managers, bankers and other business partners. Ian has over 15 years of experience in management and financial reporting, budgeting and forecasting, accounting systems, and process development, as well as assisting the businesses in identifying opportunities for operational improvements and efficiencies.

Business Advisory services include:

• Helping a joint venture client recovery over $1,500,000 of unpaid revenues (for a three year period) from the joint venture operator
• Assisting an oil and gas joint venture partner with the preparation of financial forecasts and business modelling for negotiations with a joint venture operator
• Preparation of budgets/forecasts, business plans, and bank reporting on a regular and ongoing basis for numerous clients in various industries in the capital region
• Assisting a manufacturing and distribution client in dramatically improving their customer on-time deliveries by over 50% with new shipping procedures, customer order and inventory tracking, and staff mentoring
• Project business plan review and evaluation for the Government of Alberta with a funding allocation recommendation provided and approved, along with project evaluation comments to the government and business proponents
• Assisting a client in obtaining government grant funding (over $350,000), including the preparation financial forecast and business plans, with commodity sensitivity analysis

Corporate Finance experience:

• Assisting clients in obtaining new financing of over $500,000 for operations, including negotiations
• Assisting in due diligence and quality of earning reviews
• Assisting in business purchase and sale transactions, including pricing negotiations, price calculations and sensitivity analysis, legal agreement review, and deal schedule preparation

Phone: 780.721.5886 
Email: c.adams@mowbreygil.com 

Christopher joined Mowbrey Gil in 2013 and is a Principal Specialist in the firm’s Gil’s Tax Group, providing compliance and advisory services to personal and corporate owner-managed clients. With experience across a broad range of tax matters, he delivers practical, thoughtful, and reliable advice tailored to each client’s unique needs. Christopher has developed expertise in corporate restructuring, estate planning, succession planning, and business sale planning, helping clients achieve tax-efficient outcomes throughout every stage of a business’s lifecycle. 

Committed to ongoing professional development, Christopher became a designated CPA in 2016. He completed the CPA In-Depth Tax Program in 2020 and has attended numerous advanced tax courses, including the CPA In-Depth Tax Issues for the Owner-Managed Business and CPA In-Depth Corporate Reorganization courses. He has also published papers and presented at tax conferences for the Canadian Tax Foundation – Prairie Provinces. 

In 2025, Christopher received CPA Alberta’s Early Achievement Award in recognition of his contributions to both the profession and the community during his first decade as a CPA. Outside of his client work, he is actively involved in volunteer initiatives in Edmonton and currently serves as Treasurer for the board of Edmonton Youth Justice. 

Phone: 780.421.5885
Email: b.berry@mowbreygil.com

After working with various national accounting firms, Brad joined Mowbrey Gil in June 2019.

Brad has been providing specialized tax advice to entrepreneurial-minded business owners since 1993.  Over the years, Brad has provided a wide range of income tax and related services to a wide range of clients.  His focus has been around the integration of core tax services as it relates to estate and succession planning; business acquisitions and divestitures; asset securitization; corporate and personal income tax advisory and domestic and cross border planning.

Brad has also been a tutor for the CICA In-Depth Tax Course, a Facilitator for the CA School of Business; and a Sessional Lecturer for the University of Regina.

Phone: 780.421.5926
Email: q.berry@mowbreygil.com

After working with a national accounting firm, Quinn joined Mowbrey Gil in 2009. Since joining the firm, Quinn has focused on the taxation of private corporations, including the areas of corporate re-organizations, owner-manager compensation and personal tax planning.

Quinn is a member of the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants of Alberta (Formerly ICAA) and the Canadian Tax Foundation.

Phone: 780.421.5882
Email: m.boisson@mowbreygil.com

Michelle joined Mowbrey Gil after graduating from the University of Alberta in 2009 with a Bachelor of Commerce degree. She now manages several audits of our larger client groups, not-for-profit organizations, pension plans, and credit unions and has all of the knowledge and experience necessary to provide her clients with the best and most efficient service possible.

Michelle is a regular volunteer for the CPA Alberta Volunteer Tax Clinic which prepares tax returns for low-income seniors in our community. She also has significant past involvement with the recruiting and internal training aspects of our firm. As she continues to grow and gain experience as a professional, and as the right opportunities present themselves, Michelle hopes to become more involved in the community.

Phone: 780.421.5941
Email: s.brown@mowbreygil.com

Sandra’s responsibilities are extensive and varied, but most importantly include the support and management of our administrative division, which provides a valuable service to our team members in meeting our client’s objectives. Sandra also offers personable and efficient care in processing issues and concerns from our valued client’s inquiries and transactions.

Phone: 780.489.4424 
Email: k.bureau@mowbreygil.com 

Kristin joined Mowbrey Gil as a partner in May 2025 through a merger between APP & Associates LLP and Mowbrey Gil. She provides accounting, tax, and advisory services to owner-managed businesses, working closely with entrepreneurs to support both daily operations and long-term growth. Kristin previously joined APP & Associates in 2009 and was admitted to partnership in 2016. 

After earning her Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of Alberta, Kristin articled with a mid-sized local firm and obtained her CA designation in 2006. She has also worked in industry with a publicly traded company but ultimately returned to public practice, where she focuses of helping clients navigate financial complexity with practical, personalized care.  

Raised in the Edmonton area, Kristin graduated from the International Baccalaureate program at Salisbury Composite High School in Sherwood Park.  

Phone: 780.721.4154 
Email: k.clarke@mowbreygil.com 

Kendra manages several audits for Mowbrey Gil’s larger client groups, pension plans, and not-for-profit organizations. She works closely with clients to provide thoughtful guidance and support throughout the audit process.  

Kendra joined the firm in 2018, beginning her articles after graduating from the University of Alberta with a Bachelor of Commerce degree. She was promoted to manager, Audit & Assurance in 2023 and received her CPA designation in February 2024.  

Heavily involved in Mowbrey Gil’s recruitment and training initiatives, Kendra enjoys providing guidance and advice to young professionals who are starting their careers in the accounting industry and pursuing their CPA designation.  

Phone: 780.421.5892
Email: m.frost@mowbreygil.com

Michael joined Mowbrey Gil in April 2016 as a Senior Vice President with Mowbrey Gil Business Advisory Services Inc. practising in the areas of Business Valuation, Acquisitions and Divestitures, Financial Reporting, Corporate Finance, and Litigation Support.

Michael obtained his Bachelor of Commerce, Accounting and Finance degree from the University of Saskatchewan in 1996. He obtained his Chartered Professional Accountant designation in 1999 and became a Chartered Business Valuator in 2002.

Michael has worked with business operations in a number of industries in Canada including significant time in the engineering and construction sector in financial reporting, acquisitions, and divestitures with a North American focus. His expertise spans multiple industries and sectors, across Canadian and U.S. markets. He offers a blend of accounting and finance experience backed by deep technical expertise. Michael has a proven record of working in corporate settings, including valuation for mergers and acquisitions, financial reporting, and income tax purposes. Other experience includes due diligence and financial reporting.

Business Valuation experience:

• The purchase and sale of businesses
• Tax and estate planning
• Matrimonial property settlements
• Purchase price allocation and valuation of intangible assets
• Goodwill Impairment testing
• Fairness opinions

Litigation Support experience:

Loss quantification and economic damages in the cases of:

• Business interruption
• Personal injury
• Shareholder dispute
• Breach of contract

Business Advisory Services experience:

• Buy-side due diligence
• Transaction process (transaction pricing modelling, deal negotiating, assistance with preparation of Letters of Intent)
• Exit strategies for business owners
• Assisting with obtaining finance for business acquisitions and expansion
• Preparation of business and strategic plans

Phone: 780.421.5921
Email: r.gil@mowbreygil.com

Richard’s professional career experience has focused primarily in the areas of taxation and personal financial planning. Prior to joining Mowbrey Gil, Richard was a partner with a national firm of Chartered Accountants.

Richard’s professional career has focused primarily in the areas of taxation (both domestic and international), mergers and acquisitions, and personal financial planning. He also has several designations, including Certified Fraud Examiner (“CFE”) and Trust and Estate Practitioner (“TEP”) in order to better serve clients.

Richard is also qualified in the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench as an expert in financial statements, financial planning, domestic and commodity taxation, and has provided specialized litigation support as an expert witness. His involvement in the community includes co-founding and serving as a Board member for the Polish Heritage Society for over 15 years.

Professional Memberships:

• The Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants of Alberta (Formerly ICAA, 1988)
• The Canadian Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants (Formerly CICA, 1988)
• Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (Certified Fraud Examiner, 1996)
• The Financial Planners Standards Council of Canada (Certified Financial Planner, 1997)
• The Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants of Manitoba (Chartered Professional Accountant, 2000)
• Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (Canada) (Trust and Estates Practitioner, 2002)

Mergers and Acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions pursued as a special interest practice area have yielded experiences in the privatization of public (government) organizations and the corresponding transaction structures, as well as a variety of dispositions and acquisitions of business interests.

Richard’s experience includes business dispositions of up to $50 million (collaborative experience with $100+ million dispositions), private placements, offering memorandums, initial public offerings, management buyouts, and cross-border transactions as well as the requisite valuation and taxation issues.

Family and Asset Protection

Income tax planning, business succession and asset securitization needs (litigation, matrimonial and family disputes), assisting persons seeking to secure the futures of their families and businesses.

Trusts

Similar factors have fuled specialized interest in the techniques and opportunities available by using family and asset protection trusts, both domestically and offshore (for persons immigrating to Canada).

First Nations

First Nations economic development initiatives, with an emphasis on business organization, are a primary personal interest for Richard. This interest has expanded to include significant exposure to First Nations issues beyond tax motivated business structure planning: economic initiatives – financial planning and forecasting; government – financial modelling, computer control and reporting systems, governance, and co-management/management of First Nations in financial distress.

Expert Testimony

Qualified in the Alberta Court of Queen’s Bench as an expert in financial statements, financial planning, domestic taxation, commodity taxation, and on computer systems matters.

Media and Professional Development

Richard has authored various magazine and newspaper articles on subjects of domestic and international taxation as well as a “Tips and Traps” course for the Canadian Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants on the subject of commodity taxation. Lectured extensively for community colleges, the University of Alberta, the Canadian Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants, the Institutes of Chartered Professional Accountants of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia as well as the Canadian Bar Association, Alberta and British Columbia branches, and Royal Trust. The subject matters of these numerous lectures and seminars have included the life cycle of a business from inception through maturation to ultimate sale, personal financial planning, personal taxation, international taxation matters, and a host of client service oriented subjects: financial planning, fraud examination, business planning, succession planning, and financial modelling and forecasting

Richard has been featured on the western Canadian television networks CTV, ITV, and CBC Alberta News at various times on various topics.

Phone: 780.421.5918
Email: m.gillespie@mowbreygil.com 

Mark joined Mowbrey Gil in May 2003, after working with national and regional accounting firms. He specializes in advising clients in the areas of corporate and personal tax, including corporate reorganizations, establishing family trust structures, owner-manager remuneration and the use of partnerships in business structures.  

Mark is a graduate of the University of British Columbia (BA) and the British Columbia Institute of Technology (Dipl. Fmgt.). He became a Chartered Professional Accountant in May 2000 and completed the CICA In-Depth Tax Course in July 2001.  

He is a member of the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants of Alberta and the Canadian Tax Foundation.

Phone: 780.421.5877
Email: d.holtzman@mowbreygil.com

Daniel started articling Mowbrey Gil in 2013 after graduating from the University of Alberta, with a Bachelor of Commerce degree. With experience across all areas of accounting, he works closely with owner-managed businesses and professional practices, providing accounting, financial reporting, and corporate and personal tax planning services.  

Committed to ongoing professional development, Daniel is actively involved in recruiting, internal training, and business development initiatives within the firm.  

Daniel is dedicated to supporting the community, serving as Treasurer for the Terra Centre for Teen Parents. Outside of his client work, he enjoys hiking, camping, and travelling.  

Phone: 780.421.5911
Email: c.jurkschat@mowbreygil.com

Chris joined Mowbrey Gil in September 2005. He is a Partner within the audit and assurance group, where he provides audit, assurance, income tax, and other advisory services to owner-managed businesses, not-for-profit organizations, pension funds, as well as some of the larger credit unions in Alberta.

Chris graduated from Dalhousie University in 2004 with a Bachelor of Commerce degree. He obtained his Chartered Professional Accountant designation after completing the Uniform Final Exam in 2007 and being named to the National Honour Roll as one of the top writers in Canada. Chris is also committed to ongoing personal and professional development. He has completed various courses in audit, accounting standards and income taxes.

Chris is also involved with a variety of community and volunteer organizations. He served for six years as Treasurer of Shadow Theatre (a part of the Varscona Theatre Alliance).  Chris is also a past member of the Practice Review Committee for the Chartered Professional Accountants of Alberta.

Phone: 780.421.5881
Email: d.kawaguchi@mowbreygil.com

Dusty joined Mowbrey Gil in 2006 as an articling student. With broad experience across all areas of accounting, he has a particular focus on providing accounting, financial reporting, and corporate and personal tax planning services to owner-managed businesses, professional practices, and not-for-profit organizations.  

Dusty grew up on Vancouver Island and earned his Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of Victoria before relocating to Edmonton. He obtained his CPA designation in 2010 and was admitted to Mowbrey Gil’s partnership in 2019.  

He currently serves on the Practice Review Committee for CPA Alberta and is a member of the audit committee for the Leftovers Foundation. Outside of his client work, Dusty is actively involved in the community, volunteering with a local Scout group.  

Phone: 780.421.5953
Email: t.klymyk@mowbreygil.com

Taryn graduated from the University of Alberta in 2013 with a Bachelor of Commerce degree, where she then proceeded to begin her articling career with Mowbrey Gil.  She obtained her CPA designation in April of 2016 and was promoted to Manager in Assurance Services in January 2018 and has been managing a number of not-for-profit clients ever since.

Taryn is also involved in a variety of community and volunteer organizations. She is currently serving as Past Chair (previously Chair) for YPAC in support of the Make-A-Wish. Taryn also has continued involvement with the University of Alberta School of Business by judging numerous undergraduate case competitions and leading a weekly seminar .  In addition, this past year she was asked to lead a weekly seminar for an introductory financial accounting course.

In 2021 Taryn was awarded the Early Achievement Award by CPA Alberta. The Early Achievement Award recognizes CPA’s who have had their accounting designation for 10 years or less and have rendered exceptional service to the profession and whose achievements in their careers and community have brought honour to the profession.

In 2022 Taryn was received the Moore North America Emerging Leader Award.  This award is given to recognize Taryn’s contribution to her community, the accounting profession, and demonstrated leadership potential.

Phone: 780.484.4424
Email: g.lizotte@mowbreygil.com

Gabrielle joined Mowbrey Gil as a manager in May 2025 through a merger between APP & Associates LLP and Mowbrey Gil. After spending time working in industry and raising a family, she joined APP in 2021. Gabrielle enjoys working with small business owners, helping them succeed.

Gabrielle grew up in rural Saskatchewan and moved to Alberta to attend the University of Alberta, where she earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree. She went on to obtain a Chartered Accountant designation in 2005.

Giving back is important to Gabrielle. She has held several volunteer positions over the years including serving as treasurer, and AGLC chairperson for several not-for-profit organizations. She is also an active volunteer in her church, where she chairs the student mentor program and occasionally plays piano on Sunday morning. Outside of her client and volunteer work, Gabrielle enjoys spending time with her husband and two daughters, playing piano, going on epic road trips and eating chocolate.

Phone: 780.421.5895 
Email: g.mendoza@mowbreygil.com 

Gil began his career with Mowbrey Gil as a Summer Student in 2018 before articled with the firm in the fall of 2020. Now as a Manager, Accounting & Assurance Services, he delivers practical, client-focused solutions in financial reporting and corporate tax.  

Gil graduated from MacEwan University with a Bachelor of Commerce degree in Accounting and was a recipient of the Dean’s Medal for Academic Excellence, awarded to the top student in the school of business. He passed the CFE in 2022, earned his CPA designation in 2023, and was promoted to manager in October 2024. 

Outside of his client work, Gil enjoys giving back through campus networking and recruitment, drawing on his experience as former VP External of the MacEwan Accounting Club. In his free time, he explores new cafés and restaurants with friends and family.  

Phone: 780.461.7920
Email: g.mowbrey@mowbreygil.com

Gregory is the managing partner of Mowbrey Gil and the practice leader within the audit and assurance practice group, where he has spent a substantial portion of his over 25 years of experience in public practice. Gregory has extensive experience in the areas of audit, assurance, tax, business investigations, and client advisory services and focuses his practice area primarily on owner managed businesses and not-for-profit organizations.

Gregory has a Chartered Professional Accountant designation and a Masters of Business Administration from the University of Calgary.

Gregory was an active member and past executive of the Kinsmen Club of Edmonton and has been involved in various community projects in and around the Edmonton area. Gregory is also past chair of the Practice Review Committee (PRC) for the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountant of Alberta (Formerly ICAA). The PRC ensures its’ members meet certain professional standards as required by the ICAA.

Scott began his career in accounting in 2003, spending time in both public practice and industry positions in a wide range of businesses including insurance, construction, distribution, and manufacturing. Scott joined Mowbrey Gil in 2023 as Director, Special Services focusing on using his experience in industry to help navigate the ups and downs of business ownership and management.

In Scott’s 20+ years of experience, he has enjoyed helping people solve all kinds of problems for their businesses including assisting with software implementation; building banking relationships to obtain and maintain financing for operations and/or growth; building financial processes and reporting; helping with oversight and governance; strategic planning and development of budgeting and forecasting; and transitioning businesses through sale, purchase, or succession. With growth comes complexity and the need for financial resources and planning and Scott enjoys helping people maximize their business’s potential.

Scott received his designation in 2006.

Phone: 780.421.5931
Email: g.nathan@mowbreygil.com 

Garry joined Mowbrey Gil in September 2000 and was admitted into partnership in October 2009. He has over 25 years of experience providing assurance services to medium and large-scale organizations, with a particular focus on serving corporate groups through personalized client care and service. Garry specializes in providing a full range of professional accounting, assurance, income tax, and consulting services to owner-managed businesses and not-for-profit organizations.  

Garry is a firm believer that only by working directly with business owners, their family members, and various advisors can you truly get to know a client and provide them with the comprehensive service that Mowbrey Gil clients have come to expect. Relationships, growth, and service are all integral components of Garry’s role as a Partner with Mowbrey Gil.  

Garry was admitted to membership in the Certified General Accountants Association of Alberta in June 2006 and was became a member of the Chartered Professional Accountants of Alberta in July 2015. Between 2022 and 2025, he served on the CPAA Practice Review Committee and has since completed the Moore Havard Leadership Program designed to enhance leadership skills, strategy, and corporate culture.  

Phone: 780.489.4424 
Email: d.pohranychny@mowbreygil.com 

Dwayne joined Mowbrey Gil as a partner in May 2025.  He provides accounting, tax, and advisory services to owner-managed businesses across Alberta and Canada, bringing a combination of public practice and entrepreneurial experience to his work. His practical business background allows him to offer clients strategic insight grounded in real-world operations. 

Dwayne began his accounting career with a national firm before joining a local practice, where he earned his CPA designation and was admitted to partnership in 1998. He later co-founded APP & Associates LLP in 2005, which merged with Mowbrey Gil in 2025. In recognition of his leadership and contributions to the profession, Dwayne was awarded the FCPA designation in 2023  

Originally from northern Alberta, Dwayne holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree and has served as CFO for a client organization while remaining actively involved in several private business ventures. He previously served as Finance Director and Standing Finance Committee Representative for the Canadian region of Entrepreneurs’ Organization and was most recently a member of CPA Alberta’s Practice Review Committee. He currently serves on the Board of Directors for the Derrick Golf and Winter Club. Outside of his client and volunteer work, Dwayne spends a lot of time on the golf course.  

Phone: 780.421.5878
Email: b.schwegmann@mowbreygil.com

Bernhardt brings extensive experience across accounting, financial reporting, and corporate and personal tax planning. He works closely with owner-managed businesses, professional practices, and corporate groups to provide practical guidance and tailored solutions that support long-term success.  

In addition to his client work, Bernhardt plays an active role in the firm’s professional education and training initiatives. He enjoys mentoring CPA students and supporting the next generation of professionals as they work toward their designation.   

Outside the office, Bernhardt enjoys spending time outdoors, whether golfing, hiking, or fishing, and has a particular appreciation for the ocean. 

Phone: 780.701.4150
Email: s.siemens@mowbreygil.com

Sonia joined Mowbrey Gil in September 2020 as a Junior Staff Accountant in the firm’s Pre-Approved Education Program and was promoted to Manager within the Audit and Assurance group in October 2024. She has experience in financial reporting, budgeting, tax preparation, and regulatory compliance. Sonia enjoys helping clients simplify complex financial matters and providing insights that support confident business decisions and long-term growth.

After successfully completing her CPA modules and passing the Common Final Examination (CFE) on her first attempt in 2022, she earned her CPA designation in May 2023. Known for her attention to detail, integrity, and approachable nature, Sonia values building strong client relationships through clear communication and reliable support.

Outside of her client work, Sonia enjoys spending time with family and friends and exploring new countries through travel.

Phone: 780.421.5919
Email: k.sinn@mowbreygil.com 

Kelly joined Mowbrey Gil in 2019 after a successful career as a practicing lawyer. He brings a unique legal perspective to the firm’s tax team and works closely with clients across a diverse range of industries. Acting as a trusted advisor on tax and business matters, he specializes in corporate reorganizations, mergers and acquisitions, and disputes with the Canada Revenue Agency. Kelly’s background allows him to approach engagements with both a technical tax lens and a practical, solution-oriented mindset, helping clients navigate high-stakes situations and secure superior results.  

Kelly focuses on building a practice that is centered on tax and business advisory and dispute resolution work, supporting clients through audits and restructurings. His transition from legal practice to the accounting and tax profession has allowed him to combine technical tax expertise with experience in advocacy and negotiation, especially in matters involving the Canada Revenue Agency. Kelly is particularly valued for his ability to distill technical issues into practical advice and to advocate effectively on behalf of clients in contentious matters.   

Born and raised in Edmonton, Kelly received both his Bachelor of Commerce and Juris Doctor degrees from the University of Alberta. He has completed the CPA In-Depth Tax Program and leverages his combined legal and tax background to provide clear, practical guidance and deliver thoughtful, strategic solutions for his clients.  

Phone: 780.421.5932
Email: s.weir@mowbreygil.com

Seanna graduated from the Grant MacEwan University in 2011 with a Bachelor of Commerce degree. After working with several smaller accounting offices, she joined Mowbrey Gil and proceeded to begin her articling in 2012.

Seanna graduated from the University of Saskatchewan with a Master of Professional Accounting and successfully wrote the Uniform Final Exam (“UFE”) in 2014. Seanna joined Mowbrey Gil’s tax department shortly thereafter and completed CPA Canada’s In-Depth Tax Program in 2017.

Seanna provides a wide range of tax and planning services to privately-owned companies and their shareholders. Seanna focuses primarily on corporate reorganizations, estate planning and tax compliance (corporate, personal and estate/trust) and also assists our international clients with cross border planning and reporting.

Phone: 780.421.5946
Email: c.wheeler@mowbreygil.com

Cathy graduated from the University of Lethbridge with a Bachelor of Management and has since become a leader within the firm’s audit practice. She manages audits for a range of larger client groups, including not-for-profit organizations and credit unions, providing thoughtful guidance and dependable support throughout the process.  

She is actively involved in several community and volunteer organizations, previously serving as Vice Chair and Treasurer for Rising Stars in support of Make-A-Wish, as well as Treasurer for Project Adult Literacy Society. Cathy also volunteers with the CPA Alberta Volunteer Tax Clinic, helping prepare tax returns for low-income seniors in the community.  

In 2022, Cathy received CPA Alberta’s Early Achievement Award, recognizing CPAs who have demonstrated exceptional professionalism and community contributions early in their careers.